01
Sensors
- Encoders measure joint or wheel position.
- IMUs measure acceleration and angular velocity.
- Cameras provide visual information.
- Depth cameras estimate geometric structure.
- Lidar measures ranges to surrounding surfaces.
- Radar measures range and velocity under conditions where optical sensors may struggle.
- Force and tactile sensors measure physical interaction.
02
Computer Vision
Vision systems can estimate object identity, position, depth, motion, segmentation, optical flow, and scene structure. Modern systems increasingly use learned feature representations instead of hand-designed visual descriptors.
03
Sensor Fusion
No single sensor is universally reliable. Sensor fusion combines complementary observations to reduce uncertainty and compensate for individual sensor limitations.