01
Schematic Design
A schematic describes electrical connectivity and functional relationships among components. It is the logical representation from which physical PCB layout is developed.
02
PCB Layout
- Component placement.
- Trace routing.
- Ground planes.
- Power distribution.
- Decoupling.
- Thermal management.
- EMI and EMC considerations.
- Manufacturing constraints.
03
Signal Integrity
As signal transitions become faster, PCB traces behave as transmission structures rather than ideal wires. Reflections, crosstalk, impedance discontinuities, ringing, and timing skew can affect system behavior.
04
Hardware Validation
- Continuity and shorts testing.
- Power-rail verification.
- Oscilloscope measurements.
- Logic-analyzer inspection.
- Thermal testing.
- EMI/EMC evaluation.
- Environmental testing.