01
Diodes
A diode is a nonlinear semiconductor device that strongly favors current flow in one direction under its operating conditions. Diodes are used for rectification, protection, switching, detection, and regulation.
02
Transistors
Transistors are semiconductor devices capable of controlling current or voltage. MOSFETs are central to modern integrated circuits and are used in switching, amplification, power conversion, and digital logic.
03
Operational Amplifiers
Operational amplifiers are high-gain differential amplifiers used with feedback to implement useful analog functions such as amplification, filtering, integration, differentiation, and signal conditioning.
V_out ≈ A(V_+ - V_-)
04
Filters
- Low-pass filters attenuate sufficiently high frequencies.
- High-pass filters attenuate sufficiently low frequencies.
- Band-pass filters emphasize a frequency region.
- Notch filters reject a selected frequency region.