01
Quantum Fields
Quantum field theory combines quantum mechanics with special relativity. Fundamental entities are described by fields, and particle-like excitations correspond to quantized modes of those fields.
02
Gauge Theories
Gauge symmetry provides the mathematical structure underlying the Standard Model's description of electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions.
03
Renormalization
Renormalization provides a framework for relating parameters appearing in quantum field calculations to measurable physical quantities and managing divergent intermediate expressions.