Knowledge / Electronics & Embedded Systems

Electronics Foundations

Voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, Kirchhoff's laws, power, and fundamental circuit analysis.

By Siddhant Krishna · Published 2026-10-06 · Updated 2026-10-06

Electrical Quantities

Voltage represents electrical potential difference, current describes charge flow, resistance describes opposition to current, and power describes the rate of energy transfer.

V = IR

P = VI = I²R = V²/R

Kirchhoff's Laws

Kirchhoff's Current Law states that the algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of voltage changes around a closed loop is zero.

ΣI = 0

ΣV = 0

Energy Storage

E_C = 1/2 CV²

E_L = 1/2 LI²

Capacitors and inductors store energy and create circuit dynamics. Their presence makes many circuits dependent on previous system state.

References

MIT OpenCourseWare, undergraduate foundations of analog and digital electronic circuits.
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-002-circuits-and-electronics-spring-2007/

Analog ElectronicsContinuous-valued circuits including diodes, transistors, amplifiers, filters, oscillators, and signal conditioning.Digital ElectronicsLogic gates, Boolean algebra, combinational circuits, sequential logic, memory, clocks, and digital state.

Electrical Quantities

Kirchhoff's Laws

Energy Storage

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