01
Logic
Digital systems represent information using discrete states. Boolean logic provides the mathematical foundation for operations such as AND, OR, NOT, XOR, and their combinations.
02
Combinational Logic
- Multiplexers select among inputs.
- Decoders map encoded inputs to output states.
- Adders perform arithmetic.
- Comparators determine relationships between values.
- Logic networks implement arbitrary Boolean functions.
03
Sequential Logic
Sequential circuits contain state, meaning their outputs depend on present inputs and previous behavior.
- Latches.
- Flip-flops.
- Registers.
- Counters.
- Finite-state machines.
- Memory arrays.
04
Digital Timing
Real digital circuits are physical systems with propagation delay, setup time, hold time, clock skew, metastability, and signal-integrity constraints.